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				<span dir="auto">Samuel de Champlain</span>
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<th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><span class="fn">Samuel de Champlain</span></th>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Samchamprifle.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Samchamprifle.jpg/220px-Samchamprifle.jpg" width="220" height="291" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Born</th>
<td class="" style="">Samuel Champlain<br />
1567<br />
<sup id="cite_ref-birth_0-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Hiers-Brouage" title="Hiers-Brouage">Brouage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saintonge" title="Saintonge">Province of Saintonge</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Died</th>
<td class="" style="">December 25, 1635 (aged <a href="/wiki/Circa" title="Circa">c.</a> 68)<br />
<span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada,_New_France" title="Canada, New France" class="mw-redirect">Canada, New France</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Occupation</th>
<td class="role" style=""><a href="/wiki/Navigator" title="Navigator">navigator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartographer" title="Cartographer" class="mw-redirect">cartographer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">soldier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Explorer" title="Explorer" class="mw-redirect">explorer</a>, administrator and <a href="/wiki/Chronicler" title="Chronicler" class="mw-redirect">chronicler</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Known&#160;for</th>
<td class="" style="">exploration of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, foundation of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, being called <i>The Father of New France</i></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Religion</th>
<td class="category" style="">Roman Catholic</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Signature</th>
<td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/File:Champlain_Signature.svg" class="image"><img alt="Typical signature of Samuel de Champlain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Champlain_Signature.svg/150px-Champlain_Signature.svg.png" width="150" height="35" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Samuel de Champlain</b> (<small>French pronunciation:&#160;</small><span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_French" title="Wikipedia:IPA for French">[samɥɛl də ʃɑ̃plɛ̃]</a></span> born <b>Samuel Champlain</b>; ca. 1567 <sup id="cite_ref-birth_0-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> – December 25, 1635), "The Father of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>", was a French navigator, cartographer, draughtsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat, and chronicler. He founded New France and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> on July 3, 1608.</p>
<p>Born into a family of master mariners, Champlain, while still a young man, began exploring <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> in 1603 under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Grav%C3%A9_Du_Pont" title="François Gravé Du Pont">François Gravé Du Pont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davignon_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davignon-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> From 1604 to 1607 Champlain participated in the exploration and settlement of the first permanent European settlement north of Florida, <a href="/wiki/Port_Royal,_Nova_Scotia" title="Port Royal, Nova Scotia">Port Royal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> (1605). Then, in 1608, he established the French settlement that is now <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Champlain was the first European to explore and describe the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>, and published maps of his journeys and accounts of what he learned from the natives and the French living among the Natives. He formed relationships with local <a href="/wiki/Innu_people" title="Innu people">Montagnais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Innu" title="Innu" class="mw-redirect">Innu</a> and later with others farther west (<a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nipissing" title="Lake Nipissing">Lake Nipissing</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Bay" title="Georgian Bay">Georgian Bay</a>), with <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquin</a> and with Huron <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wendat</a>, and agreed to provide assistance in their wars against the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>.</p>
<p>In 1620, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII</a> ordered Champlain to cease exploration, return to Quebec, and devote himself to the administration of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> In every way but formal title, Samuel <i>de</i> Champlain served as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_France" title="Governor of New France">Governor of New France</a>, a title that may have been formally unavailable to him owing to his non-noble status.<sup id="cite_ref-honorifics_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-honorifics-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> He established trading companies that sent goods, primarily fur, to France, and oversaw the growth of New France in the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River" class="mw-redirect">St. Lawrence River</a> valley until his death in 1635.</p>
<p>Champlain is also memorialized as the "Father of New France" and "<a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>", and many places, streets, and structures in northeastern North America bear his name, or have monuments established in his memory. The most notable of these is <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a>, which straddles the border between northern <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, extending slightly across the border into <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. In 1609 he led an expedition up the <a href="/wiki/Richelieu_River" title="Richelieu River">Richelieu River</a> and explored a long, narrow lake situated between the <a href="/wiki/Green_Mountains" title="Green Mountains">Green Mountains</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains" title="Adirondack Mountains">Adirondack Mountains</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a>; he named the lake after himself as the first European to map and describe it.</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc">
<tr>
<td>
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_years"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early years</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_travels"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Early travels</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Founding_of_Quebec_City"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Founding of Quebec City</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Murder_of_the_King"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Murder of the King</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Marriage"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Marriage</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Relations_and_war_with_natives"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Relations and war with natives</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Exploration_of_New_France"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Exploration of New France</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Military_expedition"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Military expedition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Improving_administration_in_New_France"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Improving administration in New France</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Last_return.2C_and_last_years_working_in_Quebec"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Last return, and last years working in Quebec</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Illness.2C_last_wills.2C_death.2C_and_burial"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Illness, last wills, death, and burial</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Memorials"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Memorials</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Early_years">Early years</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel-de-champlain-s.jpg" class="image"><img alt="A half-length portrait of a man, set against a background that is a red curtain to the left and a landscape scene to the right. The man has medium-length dark hair, with a goatee and a wide mustache that is crooked up at the ends. He is wearing a white shirt with a wide collar, covered by a darker surcoat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Samuel-de-champlain-s.jpg/220px-Samuel-de-champlain-s.jpg" width="220" height="286" class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel-de-champlain-s.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.19/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Inauthentic depiction of Champlain,<br />
by <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Hamel" title="Théophile Hamel">Théophile Hamel</a> (1870),<br />
after the one by Ducornet (<a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">d.</a>&#160;1856),<br />
based on a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Michel_Particelli_d%27Emery" title="Michel Particelli d'Emery">Michel Particelli d'Emery</a> (<a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">d.</a> 1650)<br />
by Balthasar Moncornet (<a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">d.</a>&#160;1668).<br />
— No authentic portrait of Champlain is known to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></div>
</div>
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<p>Champlain was born to Antoine Champlain (also written <i>Anthoine Chappelain</i> in some records) and Marguerite Le Roy, most likely in the port town of <a href="/wiki/Hiers-Brouage" title="Hiers-Brouage">Brouage</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Saintonge" title="Saintonge">Province of Saintonge</a>. The exact date and location of Champlain's birth are unknown, and all the vital records of Brouage were lost in a fire in 1690. In his 1851 book, Pierre Damien Rainguet, a Catholic priest in Saintonge, estimated Champlain's birth year to be 1567, without giving any reference or raw data he used for his estimate.<sup id="cite_ref-Rainguet140_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rainguet140-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1870, the Canadian Catholic priest Laverdière, in the first chapter of his <i>Œuvres de Champlain</i>, accepted Rainguet's estimate and tried to give details justifying it, but his calculations were based on many assumptions now believed or proven to be incorrect. Although Léopold Delayant (member, secretary, then president of <i>l'Académie des belles-lettres, sciences et arts de La Rochelle</i>) wrote as early as 1867 that Rainguet's estimation was wrong, the books of Rainguet and Laverdière have had a significant influence: the 1567 date was carved on numerous monuments dedicated to Champlain, and has been widely republished as true. In the first half of the 20th century, some authors disagreed and chose 1570 or 1575 instead of 1567. In 1978 Jean Liebel published groundbreaking research about these estimates of Champlain's birth year and concluded, "Samuel Champlain was born about 1580 in Brouage."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Liebel asserts that some authors, including the Catholic priests Rainguet and Laverdière, preferred years when Brouage was under Catholic control (which include 1567, 1570, and 1575).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Champlain claimed to be from Brouage in the title of his 1603 book, and to be <i>Saintongeois</i> in the title of his second book (1613). He belonged to either a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" title="Protestant" class="mw-redirect">Protestant</a> family, or a tolerant <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" title="Roman Catholic" class="mw-redirect">Roman Catholic</a> one, since Brouage was most of the time a Catholic city in a Protestant region, and his <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> first name (Samuel) was not usually given to Catholic children.<sup id="cite_ref-Laberge_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laberge-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Richelieu_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richelieu-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> The exact location of his birth is thus also not known with certainty, but at the time of his birth his parents were living in <a href="/wiki/Hiers-Brouage" title="Hiers-Brouage">Brouage</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> near <a href="/wiki/Rochefort,_Charente-Maritime" title="Rochefort, Charente-Maritime">Rochefort</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_France" title="Early Modern France" class="mw-redirect">French</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Saintonge" title="Saintonge">Saintonge</a>.</p>
<p>Born into a family of mariners (both his father and uncle-in-law were sailors, or navigators), Samuel Champlain learned to navigate, draw, make <a href="/wiki/Nautical_chart" title="Nautical chart">nautical charts</a>, and write practical reports. His education did not include <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, so he did not read or learn from any ancient literature. As each French fleet had to assure its own defense at sea, Champlain sought to learn fighting with the firearms of his time: he acquired this practical knowledge when serving with the army of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">King Henry IV</a> during the later stages of <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">France's religious wars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> from 1594 or 1595 to 1598, beginning as a quartermaster responsible for the feeding and care of horses. During this time he claimed to go on a "certain secret voyage" for the king,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> and saw combat (including maybe the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Crozon" title="Siege of Fort Crozon">Siege of Fort Crozon</a>, at the end of 1594).<sup id="cite_ref-F65_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F65-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> By 1597 he was a "capitaine d'une compagnie" serving in a garrison near <a href="/wiki/Quimper,_Finist%C3%A8re" title="Quimper, Finistère" class="mw-redirect">Quimper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-F65_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F65-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Early travels">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Early_travels">Early travels</span></h2>
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Champlain and guide<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Isle_La_Motte,_Vermont" title="Isle La Motte, Vermont" class="mw-redirect">Isle La Motte, Vermont</a>, at the site Champlain is said to have first set foot in <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> (and encamped) in 1609. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a> is in the background. <small>(Sculptor E.L.Weber, 1967; Photo by Matt Wills, 2009)</small></div>
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<p>In 1598, his uncle-in-law, a navigator whose ship <i>Saint-Julien</i> was chartered to transport Spanish troops to <a href="/wiki/Cadiz" title="Cadiz">Cadiz</a> pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vervins" title="Treaty of Vervins" class="mw-redirect">Treaty of Vervins</a>, gave Champlain the opportunity to accompany him. After a difficult passage, he spent some time in Cadiz before his uncle, whose ship was then chartered to accompany a large Spanish fleet to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies" class="mw-redirect">West Indies</a>, again offered him a place on the ship. His uncle, who gave command of the ship to Jeronimo de Vallebrera, instructed the young Champlain to watch over the ship.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> This journey lasted two years, and gave Champlain the opportunity to see or hear about Spanish holdings from the Caribbean to <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. Along the way he took detailed notes, and wrote an illustrated report on what he learned on this trip, and gave this secret report to King Henry,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> who rewarded Champlain with an annual pension. Secret, this report was very late published for the first time (it was in 1870 by Laverdière), as <i>Brief Discours des Choses plus remarquables que Sammuel Champlain de Brouage a reconneues aux Indes Occidentalles au voiage qu'il en a faict en icettes en l'année 1599 et en l'année 1601, comme ensuite</i> (and in English as <i>Narrative of a Voyage to the West Indies and Mexico 1599–1602</i>). The authenticity of this account as a work written by Champlain has frequently been questioned, due to inaccuracies and discrepancies with other sources on a number of points; however, recent scholarship indicates that the work probably was authored by Champlain.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>On Champlain's return to Cadiz in August 1600, his uncle, who had fallen ill, asked him to look after his business affairs. This Champlain did, and when his uncle died in June 1601, Champlain inherited his substantial estate. It included an estate near <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a>, commercial properties in Spain, and a 150-ton merchant ship.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> This inheritance, combined with the king's annual pension, gave the young explorer a great deal of independence, as he was not dependent on the financial backing of merchants and other investors.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> From 1601 to 1603 Champlain served as a geographer in the court of King Henry. As part of his duties he traveled to French ports and learned much about <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> from the fishermen that seasonally traveled to coastal areas from <a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a> to <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> to capitalize on the rich fishing grounds there. He also made a study of previous French failures at colonization in the area, including that of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Chauvin_de_Tonnetuit" title="Pierre de Chauvin de Tonnetuit">Pierre de Chauvin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tadoussac" title="Tadoussac" class="mw-redirect">Tadoussac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> When Chauvin forfeited his monopoly on fur trade in North America in 1602, responsibility for renewing the trade was given to <a href="/wiki/Aymar_de_Chaste" title="Aymar de Chaste" class="mw-redirect">Aymar de Chaste</a>. Champlain approached de Chaste about a position on the first voyage, which he received with the king's assent.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Champlain's first trip to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> was as an observer on a fur-trading expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Grav%C3%A9_Du_Pont" title="François Gravé Du Pont">François Gravé Du Pont</a>. Du Pont was a navigator and merchant who had been a ship's captain on Chauvin's expedition, and with whom Champlain established a firm life-long friendship. He educated Champlain about navigation in North America, including the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a>, and in dealing with the natives there (and in <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> after).<sup id="cite_ref-Davignon_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davignon-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> The <i>Bonne-Renommée</i> (the <i>Good Fame</i>) arrived at Tadoussac on March 15, 1603. Champlain was anxious to see for himself all of the places that <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a> had seen and described about sixty years earlier, and wanted to go even further than Cartier, if possible. Champlain created a map of the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River" class="mw-redirect">St. Lawrence River</a> on this trip and, after his return to France on September 20, published an account as <i>Des Sauvages: ou voyage de Samuel Champlain, de Brouages, faite en la France nouvelle l'an 1603</i> ("Concerning the Savages: or travels of Samuel Champlain of Brouages, made in <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> in the year 1603").<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> Included in his account were meetings with <a href="/wiki/Begourat" title="Begourat">Begourat</a>, a chief of the <a href="/wiki/Innu_people" title="Innu people">Montagnais</a> at Tadoussac, in which positive relationships were established between the French and the many Montagnais gathered there, with some <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquin</a> friends.</p>
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The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Good_Cheer" title="Order of Good Cheer">Order of Good Cheer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> (1606), by <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Jefferys" title="Charles William Jefferys">Charles William Jefferys</a> in 1925.</div>
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<p>Promising to King Henry to report on further discoveries, Champlain joined a second expedition to New France in the spring of 1604. This trip, once again an exploratory journey without women and children, lasted several years, and focused on areas south of the St. Lawrence River, in what later became known as <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>. It was led by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dugua,_Sieur_de_Mons" title="Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons">Pierre Dugua de Mons</a>, a noble and Protestant merchant who had been given a fur trading monopoly in New France by the king. Dugua asked Champlain to find a site for winter settlement. After exploring possible sites in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a>, Champlain selected <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix_Island,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint Croix Island, New Brunswick" class="mw-redirect">Saint Croix Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix_River_(Maine_%E2%80%93_New_Brunswick)" title="Saint Croix River (Maine – New Brunswick)">St. Croix River</a> as the site of the expedition's first winter settlement. After enduring a harsh winter on the island the settlement was relocated across the bay where they established <a href="/wiki/Habitation_at_Port-Royal" title="Habitation at Port-Royal">Port Royal</a>. Until 1607, Champlain used that definitive site as his base, while he explored the Atlantic coast. Dugua was forced to leave the settlement for France in September 1605, because he learned that his monopoly was at risk. His monopoly was rescinded by the king in July 1607 under pressure from other merchants and proponents of free trade, leading to the abandonment of the settlement.</p>
<p>In 1605 and 1606, Champlain explored the North American coast as far south as <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>, searching for sites for a permanent settlement. Small skirmishes with the resident <a href="/wiki/Nauset" title="Nauset">Nausets</a> dissuaded him from the idea of establishing one near present-day <a href="/wiki/Chatham,_Massachusetts" title="Chatham, Massachusetts">Chatham, Massachusetts</a>. He named the area Mallebar ("bad bar").<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-map_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Founding of Quebec City">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Founding_of_Quebec_City">Founding of Quebec City</span></h2>
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In <a href="/wiki/Honfleur" title="Honfleur">Honfleur</a>, remaining of Champlain's departures</div>
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Painting by <a href="/wiki/George_Agnew_Reid" title="George Agnew Reid">George Agnew Reid</a>, done for the third centennial (1908), showing the arrival of Samuel de Champlain on the site of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ships_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ships-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup></div>
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<p>In the spring of 1608, Dugua wanted Champlain to start a new French colony on the shores of the St. Lawrence. Dugua equipped, at his own expense, a fleet of three ships with workers, that left the French port of <a href="/wiki/Honfleur" title="Honfleur">Honfleur</a>. The main ship, called the <a href="/wiki/Don_de_Dieu_(ship)" title="Don de Dieu (ship)"><i>Don-de-Dieu</i></a> (the <i>Gift of God</i>), was commanded by Champlain. Another ship, the <i>Lévrier</i> (the <i>Hunt Dog</i>), was commanded by his friend Du Pont. The small group of male settlers arrived at <a href="/wiki/Tadoussac,_Quebec" title="Tadoussac, Quebec">Tadoussac</a> on the lower St. Lawrence in June. Because of the dangerous strength of the <a href="/wiki/Saguenay_River" title="Saguenay River">Saguenay River</a> ending there, they left the ships and continued up the "Big River" in small boats bringing the men and the materials.<sup id="cite_ref-ships_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ships-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>On July 3, 1608, Champlain landed at the "point of Quebec" and set about fortifying the area by the erection of three main wooden buildings, each two storeys tall, that he collectively called the "Habitation", with a wooden <a href="/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">stockade</a> and a moat 12 feet (4&#160;m) wide surrounding them. This was the very beginning of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>. Gardening, exploring, and fortifying this place became great passions of Champlain for the rest of his life.</p>
<p>In the 1620s, the <i>Habitation</i> at Quebec was mainly a store for the <i>Compagnie des Marchands</i> (Traders Company), and Champlain lived in the wooden <i>Fort Saint Louis</i> newly built up the hill (south from the present-day <i>Château Frontenac</i> Hotel), near the only two houses built by the two settler families (the ones of <a href="/wiki/Louis_H%C3%A9bert" title="Louis Hébert">Louis Hébert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Couillard" title="Guillaume Couillard">Guillaume Couillard</a>, his son-in-law).</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Murder of the King">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Murder_of_the_King">Murder of the King</span></h2>
<p>In May 1610, King Henry was assassinated by a <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ravaillac" title="François Ravaillac">Catholic fanatic</a>, and rule fell to his wife, <a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> for the nine-year-old <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII</a>. Marie was a staunch Catholic with little interest in New France, and many of Champlain's Protestant financial supporters, including Pierre Dugua, were denied access to court. Champlain, on hearing the news, returned to France in September 1610 to establish new political connections in support of efforts at colonization.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Marriage">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Marriage">Marriage</span></h2>
<p>One route Champlain may have chosen to improve his access to the court of the regent was his decision to enter into marriage with the twelve year old Hélène Boullé. She was the daughter of Nicolas Boullé, a man charged with carrying out royal decisions at court. The marriage contract was signed on December 27, 1610 in presence of Dugua, who had dealt with the father (a Protestant like him), and the couple was married three days later. The terms of the contract called for the marriage to be consummated two years later.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Champlain's marriage was initially quite troubled, as Hélène rebelled when she was told to join him in August 1613. Their relationship, while it apparently lacked any physical connection, recovered and was apparently good for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> Hélène lived in Quebec for several years,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> but returned to Paris and eventually decided to enter a convent. The couple had no children, although Champlain did adopt three Montagnais girls named Faith, Hope, and Charity in the winter of 1627-8.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Relations and war with natives">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Relations_and_war_with_natives">Relations and war with natives</span></h2>
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Engraving based on a drawing by Champlain of his 1609 voyage. It depicts a battle between <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_people" title="Algonquian people" class="mw-redirect">Algonquian</a> tribes near Lake Champlain</div>
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<p>During the summer of 1609, Champlain attempted to form better relations with the local <a href="/wiki/First_Nations" title="First Nations">native tribes</a>. He made alliances with the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wendat</a> (called <i>Huron</i> by the French) and with the <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Innu_people" title="Innu people">Montagnais</a> and the Etchemin, who lived in the area of the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River" class="mw-redirect">St. Lawrence River</a>. These tribes demanded that Champlain help them in their war against the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>, who lived further south. Champlain set off with 9 French soldiers and 300 natives to explore the <i>Rivière des Iroquois</i> (now known as the <a href="/wiki/Richelieu_River" title="Richelieu River">Richelieu River</a>), and became the first European to map <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a>. Having had no encounters with the Iroquois at this point many of the men headed back, leaving Champlain with only 2 Frenchmen and 60 natives.</p>
<p>On July 29, somewhere in the area near <a href="/wiki/Ticonderoga,_New_York" title="Ticonderoga, New York">Ticonderoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Point,_New_York" title="Crown Point, New York">Crown Point, New York</a> (historians are not sure which of these two places, but <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Ticonderoga</a> claims that it occurred near its site), Champlain and his party encountered a group of Iroquois. A battle began the next day. Two hundred Iroquois advanced on Champlain's position, and one of his guides pointed out the 3 Iroquois chiefs. Champlain fired his <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebus</a>, killing two of them with a single shot, and one of his men killed the third. The Iroquois turned and fled. This action set the tone for French-Iroquois relations for rest of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Champlain returned to France in an unsuccessful attempt, with Dugua, to renew their fur trade monopoly. They did, however, reach an agreement with some merchants from <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, in which Quebec became an exclusive warehouse for their fur trade and, in return, the Rouen merchants supported the settlement.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Exploration of New France">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Exploration_of_New_France">Exploration of New France</span></h2>
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<i><a href="/wiki/Baie_des_Chaleurs" title="Baie des Chaleurs" class="mw-redirect">Baie des Chaleurs</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence,_Gulf_of" title="Saint Lawrence, Gulf of" class="mw-redirect">Gulf of Saint-Lawrence</a> — extract of Champlain 1612 Map.</div>
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<p>On March 29, 1613, arriving back in New France, he first ensured that his new royal commission be <a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">proclaimed</a>. Champlain set out on May 27 to continue his exploration of the Huron country and in hopes of finding the "northern sea" he had heard about (probably <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a>). He traveled the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a>, later giving the first description of this area.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> It was in June that he met with <a href="/wiki/Tessouat" title="Tessouat">Tessouat</a>, the Algonquin chief of <a href="/wiki/L%27Isle-aux-Allumettes,_Quebec" title="L'Isle-aux-Allumettes, Quebec">Allumettes Island</a>, and offered to build the tribe a fort if they were to move from the area they occupied, with its poor soil, to the locality of the Lachine Rapids.<sup id="cite_ref-map_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>By August 26 Champlain was back in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>. There he wrote an account of his life from 1604 to 1612 and his journey up the Ottawa river, his <i>Voyages</i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> and published another map of New France. In 1614 he formed the "Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint-Malo" and "Compagnie de Champlain", which bound the Rouen and Saint-Malo merchants for eleven years. He returned to New France in the spring of 1615 with four <a href="/wiki/Recollects" title="Recollects">Recollects</a> in order to further religious life in the new colony. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church" class="mw-redirect">Roman Catholic Church</a> was eventually given <i><a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">en seigneurie</a></i> large and valuable tracts of land estimated at nearly 30% of all the lands granted by the <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" title="King of France" class="mw-redirect">French Crown</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-roydalton_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roydalton-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Champlain continued to work to improve relations with the natives promising to help them in their struggles against the Iroquois. With his native guides he explored further up the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a> and reached <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nipissing" title="Lake Nipissing">Lake Nipissing</a>. He then followed the <a href="/wiki/French_River_(Ontario)" title="French River (Ontario)">French River</a> until he reached the fresh-water sea he called Lac Attigouautau (now <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a>).<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>In 1615, Champlain was escorted through the area that is now <a href="/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario" title="Peterborough, Ontario">Peterborough, Ontario</a> by a group of Hurons. He used the ancient portage between Chemong Lake and Little Lake (now Chemong Road), and stayed for a short period of time near what is now Bridgenorth.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Military expedition">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Military_expedition">Military expedition</span></h2>
<p>On September 1, at Cahiagué (A Huron community on what is now called <a href="/wiki/Lake_Simcoe" title="Lake Simcoe">Lake Simcoe</a>), he and the northern tribes started a military expedition against the Iroquois. The party passed <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a> at its eastern tip where they hid their canoes and continued their journey by land. They followed the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_River" title="Oneida River">Oneida River</a> until they arrived at the main Onondaga fort on October 10, 1615. The exact location of this place is still a matter of debate. Although the traditional location, Nichols Pond, is regularly disproved by professional and amateur archeologists many still claim that Nichols Pond is the location of the battle. 10 miles (16&#160;km) south of <a href="/wiki/Canastota,_New_York" title="Canastota, New York">Canastota, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiskotten.2C_1998_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiskotten.2C_1998-36"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> Champlain attacked the stockaded Oneida Indian village. He was accompanied by 10 Frenchmen and 300 Huron Indians. Pressured by the Hurons to attack prematurely, the assault failed. Champlain was wounded twice in the leg by arrows, one in his knee. The conflict ended on October 16 when the French and Huron were forced to flee.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>Although he did not want to, the Hurons insisted that Champlain spend the winter with them. During his stay he set off with them in their great deer hunt, during which he became lost and was forced to wander for three days living off game and sleeping under trees until he met up with a band of aboriginals by chance. He spent the rest of the winter learning "their country, their manners, customs, modes of life". On May 22, 1616, he left the Huron country and returned to Quebec before heading back to France on July 2.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Improving administration in New France">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Improving_administration_in_New_France">Improving administration in New France</span></h2>
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Map of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> (Champlain, 1612). A more precise map was drawn by Champlain in 1632.</div>
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19th century artist's conception of Champlain by E. Ronjat.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup></div>
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<p>Champlain returned to New France in 1620 and was to spend the rest of his life focusing on administration of the territory rather than exploration. Champlain spent the winter building Fort Saint-Louis on top of Cape Diamond. By mid-May he learned that the fur trading monopoly had been handed over to another company led by the Caen brothers. After some tense negotiations, it was decided to merge the two companies under the direction of the Caens. Champlain continued to work on relations with the natives and managed to impose on them a chief of his choice. He also negotiated a peace treaty with the Iroquois.</p>
<p>Champlain continued to work on the fortifications of what became Quebec City, laying the first stone on May 6, 1624. On August 15 he once again returned to France where he was encouraged to continue his work as well as to continue looking for a passage to China, something widely believed to exist at the time. By July 5 he was back at Quebec and continued expanding the city.</p>
<p>In 1627 the Caen brothers' company lost its monopoly on the fur trade, and <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a> (who had joined the Royal Council in 1624 and rose rapidly to a position of dominance in French politics that he would hold until his death in 1642) formed the <a href="/wiki/Compagnie_des_Cent-Associ%C3%A9s" title="Compagnie des Cent-Associés" class="mw-redirect">Compagnie des Cent-Associés</a> (the Hundred Associates) to manage the fur trade. Champlain was one of the 100 investors, and its first fleet, loaded with colonists and supplies, set sail in April 1628.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Champlain had overwintered in Quebec. Supplies were low, and English merchants pillaged <a href="/wiki/Cap_Tourmente" title="Cap Tourmente" class="mw-redirect">Cap Tourmente</a> in early July 1628.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627-1629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627-1629)" class="mw-redirect">A war</a> had broken out between France and England, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a> had issued <a href="/wiki/Letters_of_marque" title="Letters of marque" class="mw-redirect">letters of marque</a> that authorized the capture of French shipping and its colonies in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> Champlain received a summons to surrender on July 10 from some heavily armed English merchants, the <a href="/wiki/David_Kirke" title="David Kirke">Kirke brothers</a>. Champlain refused to deal with them, misleading them to believe that Quebec's defenses were better than they actually were (Champlain had only 50 pounds of gunpowder to defend the community). Successfully bluffed, the English withdrew, but encountered and captured the French supply fleet, cutting off that year's supplies to the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> By the spring of 1629 supplies were dangerously low and Champlain was forced to send people to <a href="/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9_Peninsula" title="Gaspé Peninsula">Gaspé</a> and into Indian communities to conserve rations.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> On July 19, the Kirke brothers arrived before Quebec after intercepting Champlain's plea for help, and Champlain was forced to surrender the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> Many colonists were taken first to England and then France by the Kirkes, but Champlain remained in London to begin the process of regaining the colony. A <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Susa" title="Treaty of Susa" class="mw-redirect">peace treaty had been signed</a> in April 1629, three months before the surrender, and, under the terms of that treaty, Quebec and other prizes taken by the Kirkes after the treaty were supposed to be returned.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> It was not until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1632)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632)">1632 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a> that Quebec was formally given back to France. (David Kirke was rewarded when Charles I knighted him and gave him a charter for <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>.) Champlain reclaimed his role as commander of New France on behalf of Richelieu on March 1, 1633, having served in the intervening years as commander in New France "in the absence of my Lord the <a href="/wiki/Armand_Jean_du_Plessis,_Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu" class="mw-redirect">Cardinal de Richelieu</a>" from 1629 to 1635.<sup id="cite_ref-Trudel_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudel-45"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1632 Champlain published <i>Voyages de la Nouvelle France</i>, which was dedicated to Cardinal Richelieu, and <i>Traitté de la marine et du devoir d’un bon marinier</i>, a treatise on leadership, seamanship, and navigation. (Champlain made more than twenty-five round-trip crossings of the Atlantic in his lifetime, without losing a single ship.)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Last return, and last years working in Quebec">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Last_return.2C_and_last_years_working_in_Quebec">Last return, and last years working in Quebec</span></h2>
<p>Champlain returned to Quebec on May 22, 1633, after an absence of four years. Richelieu gave him a commission as <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_of_New_France" title="Lieutenant General of New France">Lieutenant General of New France</a>, along with other titles and responsibilities, but not that of <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_France" title="Governor of New France">Governor</a>. Despite this lack of formal status, many colonists, French merchants, and Indians treated him as if he had the title; writings survive in which he is referred to as "our governor".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> On August 18, 1634, he sent a report to Richelieu stating that he had rebuilt on the ruins of Quebec, enlarged its fortifications, and established two more habitations. One was 15 leagues upstream, and the other was at <a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a>. He also began <a href="/wiki/French_and_Iroquois_Wars" title="French and Iroquois Wars" class="mw-redirect">an offensive</a> against the Iroquois, reporting that he wanted them either wiped out or "brought to reason".<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Illness, last wills, death, and burial">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Illness.2C_last_wills.2C_death.2C_and_burial">Illness, last wills, death, and burial</span></h2>
<p>Champlain suffered a severe <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> in October 1635, and died on 25 December 1635, leaving no immediate heirs. <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" title="Jesuit" class="mw-redirect">Jesuit</a> records tell us he died in the care of his friend and confessor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lallemant" title="Charles Lallemant">Charles Lallemant</a>.</p>
<p>Although his will (drafted in November, 17, 1635) gave much of his French property to his wife Hélène, he made significant bequests to the Catholic missions and to individuals in the colony of Quebec. However, Marie Camaret, a cousin on his mother's side, challenged the will in Paris and had it successfully overturned. It is unclear exactly what happened to his estate.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>He was temporarily buried in the church while a standalone chapel was built to hold his remains in the upper part of the city. Unfortunately, this small building, along many others, was destroyed by a large fire in 1640. Though immediately rebuilt, no traces of it exist anymore: his exact burial site is still unknown, despite much research since about 1850, including several archaeological digs in the city. There is general agreement that the previous Champlain chapel site, and the remains of Champlain, should be somewhere near the <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Qu%C3%A9bec_Cathedral" title="Notre-Dame de Québec Cathedral" class="mw-redirect">Notre-Dame de Québec Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The search for Champlain's remains supplies a key plot-line in the crime writer <a href="/wiki/Louise_Penny" title="Louise Penny">Louise Penny</a>'s 2010 novel, <i>Bury Your Dead</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span></h2>
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<td class="mbox-text" style="">This section <b>looks like an image gallery</b>. Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Image_galleries" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">policy</a> discourages galleries of random images of the article subject; please improve or remove the section accordingly, moving freely licensed images to <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_page" class="extiw" title="commons:Main page">Wikimedia Commons</a> if not already hosted there.</td>
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<p>Samuel De Champlain statue in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Ontario" title="Ottawa, Ontario" class="mw-redirect">Ottawa, Ontario</a></p>
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<p>1935 Canada 1 dollar stamp, Samuel de Champlain 1908 Monument in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a></p>
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<p>Samuel de Champlain monument, lower portion, in <a href="/wiki/Orillia,_Ontario" title="Orillia, Ontario" class="mw-redirect">Orillia, Ontario</a></p>
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<p>|<a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lalibert%C3%A9" title="Alfred Laliberté">Alfred Laliberté</a>'s Samuel de Champlain (1930) in Brouage <a href="/wiki/Paris,_France" title="Paris, France" class="mw-redirect">Paris, France</a>, <a href="/wiki/VIIIe_arrondissement" title="VIIIe arrondissement" class="mw-redirect">VIIIe arrondissement</a></p>
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<div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Champlain_-_Paris.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Samuel_Champlain_-_Paris.jpg/80px-Samuel_Champlain_-_Paris.jpg" width="80" height="120" /></a></div>
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<p>Samuel de Champlain 1930 bust in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></p>
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<div style="margin:35px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Site_of_champlain_battle.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Site_of_champlain_battle.JPG/120px-Site_of_champlain_battle.JPG" width="120" height="80" /></a></div>
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<p>Samuel de Champlain 1935 plaque in <a href="/wiki/Oneida,_New_York" title="Oneida, New York">Oneida</a></p>
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<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Memorials">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Memorials">Memorials</span></h2>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_de_Champlain_(Qu%C3%A9bec).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Samuel_de_Champlain_%28Qu%C3%A9bec%29.jpg/250px-Samuel_de_Champlain_%28Qu%C3%A9bec%29.jpg" width="250" height="377" class="thumbimage" /></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_de_Champlain_(Qu%C3%A9bec).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.19/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Statue of Samuel de Champlain at sunset (looking to the south; with a similar expressive face as traditionally <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a>'s), by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul-Romain_Marie_L%C3%A9once_Chevr%C3%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul-Romain Marie Léonce Chevré (page does not exist)">Paul-Romain Chevré</a> (Paris, 1896-1898), as newly repaired for 2008, at <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> since 1898, near <i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Frontenac" title="Château Frontenac">Château Frontenac</a></i> grand hotel, on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dufferin_Terrace&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dufferin Terrace (page does not exist)"><i>Terrasse Dufferin</i></a>.</div>
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<p>Many sites and landmarks have been named to honour Champlain, who remains, to this day, a prominent historical figure in many parts of <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>. They include:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Valley" title="Champlain Valley">Champlain Valley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Trail_Lakes" title="Champlain Trail Lakes">Champlain Trail Lakes</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Champlain_Sea" title="Champlain Sea">Champlain Sea</a>: a past inlet of the Atlantic Ocean in North America, over the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" title="Saint Lawrence River">St. Lawrence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saguenay_River" title="Saguenay River">Saguenay</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Richelieu_River" title="Richelieu River">Richelieu</a> rivers, to over <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a>, which inlet disappeared many thousands years before Champlain was born.</li>
<li>Champlain Mountain, <a href="/wiki/Acadia_National_Park" title="Acadia National Park">Acadia National Park</a> - which he first observed in 1604.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>A <a href="/wiki/Champlain_(town),_New_York" title="Champlain (town), New York">town</a> and <a href="/wiki/Champlain_(village),_New_York" title="Champlain (village), New York">village</a> in New York, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Champlain,_Ontario" title="Champlain, Ontario">township in Ontario</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Champlain,_Quebec" title="Champlain, Quebec">municipality in Quebec</a>.</li>
<li>The provincial electoral district of <a href="/wiki/Champlain_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Champlain (provincial electoral district)">Champlain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, and several defunct electoral districts elsewhere in Canada.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain_Provincial_Park" title="Samuel de Champlain Provincial Park">Samuel de Champlain Provincial Park</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Provincial_park" title="Provincial park">provincial park</a> in northern Ontario near the town of <a href="/wiki/Mattawa,_Ontario" title="Mattawa, Ontario">Mattawa</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Champlain_Bridge_(Montreal)" title="Champlain Bridge (Montreal)" class="mw-redirect">Champlain Bridge</a>, which connects the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Montreal" title="Island of Montreal">island of Montreal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Brossard" title="Brossard">Brossard</a>, Quebec across the St. Lawrence.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Champlain_Bridge_(Ottawa)" title="Champlain Bridge (Ottawa)">Champlain Bridge</a>, which connects the cities of <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Ontario and <a href="/wiki/Gatineau" title="Gatineau">Gatineau</a>, Quebec.</li>
<li>Champlain College, one of six colleges at <a href="/wiki/Trent_University" title="Trent University">Trent University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario" title="Peterborough, Ontario">Peterborough, Ontario</a>, is named in his honour.</li>
<li>Fort Champlain, a <a href="/wiki/Dormitory" title="Dormitory">dormitory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a>; named in his honour in 1965, it houses the 10th cadet squadron.</li>
<li>A French school in <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John, New Brunswick</a>; <a href="/wiki/Champlain_College" title="Champlain College">Champlain College</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington, Vermont</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Regional_College" title="Champlain Regional College">Champlain Regional College</a>, a <a href="/wiki/CEGEP" title="CEGEP">CEGEP</a> with three campuses in Quebec.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Champlain" title="Château Champlain">Marriott Château Champlain</a> hotel, in Montreal.</li>
<li>Streets named Champlain in numerous cities, including Quebec, <a href="/wiki/Shawinigan" title="Shawinigan">Shawinigan</a> and no less than eleven communities in northwestern Vermont.</li>
<li>A memorial statue on Cumberland Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Plattsburgh_(city),_New_York" title="Plattsburgh (city), New York">Plattsburgh, New York</a> on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a>.</li>
<li>A memorial statue in <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John, New Brunswick</a>, Canada in Queen Square that commemorates his discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_River_(New_Brunswick)" title="Saint John River (New Brunswick)" class="mw-redirect">Saint John River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>A memorial statue in <a href="/wiki/Isle_La_Motte,_Vermont" title="Isle La Motte, Vermont" class="mw-redirect">Isle La Motte, Vermont</a>, on the shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouse</a> at <a href="/wiki/Crown_Point,_New_York" title="Crown Point, New York">Crown Point, New York</a> features a statue of Champlain by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Augustus_Heber" title="Carl Augustus Heber">Carl Augustus Heber</a>.</li>
<li>A <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_stamp" title="Commemorative stamp">commemorative stamp</a> issue in May 2006 jointly by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>A statue in <a href="/wiki/Ticonderoga,_New_York" title="Ticonderoga, New York">Ticonderoga, New York</a>, unveiled in 2009 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Champlain's exploration of Lake Champlain.</li>
<li>A statue in <a href="/wiki/Orillia" title="Orillia">Orillia</a>, Ontario at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Couchiching_Beach_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Couchiching Beach Park (page does not exist)">Couchiching Beach Park</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Couchiching" title="Lake Couchiching">Lake Couchiching</a>.</li>
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<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2>
<p>These are works that are known to have been written by Champlain:</p>
<ul>
<li><i>Brief Discours des Choses plus remarquables que Sammuel Champlain de Brouage a reconneues aux Indes Occidentalles au voiage qu'il en a faict en icettes en l'année 1599 et en l'année 1601, comme ensuite</i> (first French publication 1870, first English publication 1859 as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=mGcMAAAAIAAJ"><i>Narrative of a Voyage to the West Indies and Mexico 1599–1602</i></a>)</li>
<li><i>Des Sauvages: ou voyage de Samuel Champlain, de Brouages, faite en la France nouvelle l'an 1603</i> (first French publication 1604, first English publication 1625)</li>
<li><i>Voyages de la Nouvelle France</i> (first French publication 1632)</li>
<li><i>Traitté de la marine et du devoir d’un bon marinier</i> (first French publication 1632)</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-birth-0">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birth_0-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birth_0-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">See discussion in "<a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain#Early_years" title="Samuel de Champlain">Early years</a>" on Champlain's birth year.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Davignon-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davignon_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davignon_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(French)</span> his uncle. <span class="citation book">d'Avignon (Davignon), Mathieu (2008) (in fr). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pulaval.com/catalogue/champlain-les-fondateurs-oublies-les-figures-9133.html"><i>Champlain et les fondateurs oubliés, les figures du père et le mythe de la fondation.</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Québec (Ville)</a>: Les Presses de l'Université Laval (PUL). pp.&#160;558. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7637-8644-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-7637-8644-5">2-7637-8644-5</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pulaval.com/catalogue/champlain-les-fondateurs-oublies-les-figures-9133.html">http://www.pulaval.com/catalogue/champlain-les-fondateurs-oublies-les-figures-9133.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Champlain+et+les+fondateurs+oubli%C3%A9s%2C+les+figures+du+p%C3%A8re+et+le+mythe+de+la+fondation.&amp;rft.aulast=d%27Avignon+%28Davignon%29&amp;rft.aufirst=Mathieu&amp;rft.au=d%27Avignon+%28Davignon%29%2C%26%2332%3BMathieu&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B558&amp;rft.place=%5B%5BQuebec+City%7CQu%C3%A9bec+%28Ville%29%5D%5D&amp;rft.pub=Les+Presses+de+l%27Universit%C3%A9+Laval+%28PUL%29&amp;rft.isbn=2-7637-8644-5&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pulaval.com%2Fcatalogue%2Fchamplain-les-fondateurs-oublies-les-figures-9133.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Samuel_de_Champlain"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> Note: Mathieu d'Avignon (Ph.D in History, <a href="/wiki/Laval_University" title="Laval University" class="mw-redirect">Laval University</a>, 2006) is an affiliate researcher into the <i><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_%C3%A0_Chicoutimi" title="Université du Québec à Chicoutimi">University of Quebec at Chicoutimi</a></i> Research Group on History. He is preparing a special new full edition, in modern French, of Champlain's Voyages in New France.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(French)</span> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Vaugeois" title="Denis Vaugeois">Denis Vaugeois</a> (lors du 133e congrès du comtié des travaux historiques et scientifiques (CTHS) à Québec le 2 juin 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/documents/2008/08/champlain_et_dupont_grave_en_c.php"><i>Champlain et Dupont Gravé en contexte.</i></a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Thanks to <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dugua,_Sieur_de_Mons" title="Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons">Pierre Dugua de Mons</a>, who fully financed—at a loss—the first years of both French settlements in North America (first <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="#Trudel">Trudel</a>, Louis was 18 years old, an inexperienced minor (age of majority was 25), and Champlain was lieutenant to <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_de_Bourbon,_prince_de_Cond%C3%A9" title="Henry II de Bourbon, prince de Condé" class="mw-redirect">the Prince de Condé</a>, the viceroy of New France since 1612, who, as Trudel writes, "was liberated [from jail, where he been for 3 years] in October 1619, and yielded his rights as viceroy to <a href="/wiki/Henri_II_de_Montmorency" title="Henri II de Montmorency">Henri II de Montmorency</a>, admiral of France. The latter confirmed Champlain in his office [...]. On 7 May 1620, Louis XIII wrote to Champlain to enjoin him to maintain the country 'in obedience to me, making the people who are there live as closely in conformity with the laws of my kingdom as you can.' From that moment Champlain was to devote himself exclusively to the administration of the country; he was to undertake no further great voyages of discovery; his career as an explorer had ended."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-honorifics-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-honorifics_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Some say that the King of France made him his "<i>royal</i> geographer", but it is unproven and may only come from <a href="/wiki/Marc_Lescarbot" title="Marc Lescarbot">Marc Lescarbot</a> books: Champlain never used that title. The honorific "<i>de</i>" was only added to his name from 1610, when he was already well-known, right after his patron, King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>, was murdered. This usage by a non-noble was tolerated so that he would continue to gain access to the court during the long regency of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" title="Louis XIII of France">King Louis XIII</a> (who was only eight years old at the death of his father). Champlain received the official title of "lieutenant" (adjunct representative) of whichever noble was designated as Viceroy of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, the first being <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dugua,_Sieur_de_Mons" title="Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons">Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons</a>. From 1629 Champlain was named "commandant" under the authority of the King Minister, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Richelieu</a>. It was Champlain's successor, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jacques_Huault_de_Montmagny" title="Charles Jacques Huault de Montmagny" class="mw-redirect">Charles Jacques Huault de Montmagny</a>, who was the first to be formally named as the governor of New France, when he moved to Quebec City in 1636, and became the first noble to live there in that century.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Morris Bishop, <i>Samuel de Champlain: The Life of Fortitude'(New York: Knopf, 1948), pp. 6-7</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Rainguet140-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rainguet140_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Rainguet, p. 140</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/303691ar">Liebel, Jean (1978). <i>On a vieilli Champlain</i> (They made Champlain older), in <i>la Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française</i>, <b>32</b> (2): 236</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Liebel, 229-237.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Laberge-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laberge_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">According to many modern historians, including Alain Laberge, the 2008 Chair of the History Department at <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City's</a> <a href="/wiki/Laval_University" title="Laval University" class="mw-redirect">Laval University</a>, a specialist in the history of New France, Champlain could have been born a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" title="Protestant" class="mw-redirect">Protestant</a>. A guest on the February 6, 2008 <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio" title="CBC Radio">CBC</a> radio program, <i><a href="/wiki/Sounds_Like_Canada" title="Sounds Like Canada">Sounds Like Canada</a></i>, Professor Laberge said that the fact of Champlain's Protestantism would have been downplayed or omitted from educational materials in Quebec by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church" class="mw-redirect">Roman Catholic Church</a>, who controlled <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>'s education system from 1627 until 1962.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Richelieu-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richelieu_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">However, Champlain was born in or near a time when the city was taken by Protestants, but Brouage became a royal fortress and its governor, from 1627 until his death in 1642, was <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a>, a strong anti-Protestant, wanting to stop the Religion Wars in France, and chosing to promote Catholicism only because every King of France had to be a Catholic, even if having been first a Protestant, like Henri the last king.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/105187/Samuel-de-Champlain">Britannica.com</a>; his family lived in Brouage at the time of his birth; the exact place and date of his birth are unknown.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, p. 62</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-F65-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-F65_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F65_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, p. 65</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=124T66R91061R.38160&amp;profile=ariall&amp;uri=link=3100008~!182958~!3100001~!3100002&amp;aspect=Browse&amp;menu=search&amp;ri=1&amp;source=~!siartinventories&amp;term=Outdoor+Sculpture+--+Vermont+--+Isle+LaMotte&amp;index=OBJEC">Samuel de Champlain, (sculpture)</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Vaugeois, p. 87</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Three different handwritten copies of this report still exist. One of them is at the <a href="/wiki/John_Carter_Brown_Library" title="John Carter Brown Library">John Carter Brown Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">For a detailed treatment of claims against Champlain's authorship, see the chapter by François-Marc Gagnon in Vaugeois, pp. 84ff. Fischer, pp. 586ff, also addresses these claims, and accepts Champlain's authorship.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 98-99</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, p. 100</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 100-117</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 121-123</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Champlain did not begin using the honorific <i>de</i> in his name until at least 1610, when he married, the year King Henry was murdered. A reprint of this book in 1612 was credited to "sieur <i>de</i> Champlain, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilization.ca/vmnf/expos/champlain/oeuv_eng.html">civilization.ca</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/archeology/visit/Champlain/about.htm">"USA National Park Service Archeology Program: Visit Archeology"</a>. National Park Service<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/archeology/visit/Champlain/about.htm">http://www.nps.gov/history/archeology/visit/Champlain/about.htm</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=USA+National+Park+Service+Archeology+Program%3A+Visit+Archeology&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=National+Park+Service&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Farcheology%2Fvisit%2FChamplain%2Fabout.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Samuel_de_Champlain"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-map-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-map_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-map_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travel-vermont.net/2008/09/map-samuel-de-champlain-voyages-travels/">"Map of Samuel de Champlain voyages"</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.travel-vermont.net/2008/09/map-samuel-de-champlain-voyages-travels/">http://www.travel-vermont.net/2008/09/map-samuel-de-champlain-voyages-travels/</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Map+of+Samuel+de+Champlain+voyages&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travel-vermont.net%2F2008%2F09%2Fmap-samuel-de-champlain-voyages-travels%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Samuel_de_Champlain"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ships-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ships_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ships_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Only at his last arrival (in 1633), Champlain did not left the ships at Tadoussac but arrived directly to Quebec City with them.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 282-285</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 287-288</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 313-316</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 374-5</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 399-400</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">In 1701, <a href="/wiki/Great_Peace_of_Montreal" title="Great Peace of Montreal">The Great Peace Treaty</a> was signed in Montreal, involving the French and every native nation coming or living on the shores of the Saint Lawrence River except maybe in wintertime.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">In 1953, a rock was found at a location now known as the <a href="/wiki/Storyland_(Ontario)" title="Storyland (Ontario)">Champlain lookout</a>, which bore the inscription "Champlain juin 2, 1613". What about this finding?</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>Les voyages du Sieur de Champlain, Saintangeois, capitaine ordinaire pour le Roy en la Marine</i>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-roydalton-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roydalton_35-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Dalton, Roy. <i>The Jesuit Estates Question</i> 1760-88, p. 60. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>, 1968.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Weiskotten.2C_1998-36"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weiskotten.2C_1998_36-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nyccazen/Shorts/Questions/NicholsPond.html">[1]</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">François Pierre Guillaume Guizot, A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times <i>Vol. 6, Chapter 53, (Boston: Dana Estes &amp; Charles E. Lauriat (Imp.), 19th C.), 190.</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 404-410</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 410-412</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, p. 409</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 412-415</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 418-420</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, p. 421</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, p. 428</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Trudel-45"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trudel_45-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Trudel">Trudel</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, p. 447</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 445-446</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, p. 520</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bd.archivescanadafrance.org/acf-pleade-3-images/img-viewer/FRDAFANCH/IMAGES/MC/RESERVE/282/viewer.html">"Images of the Testament of Champlain (6 pages)"</a> (in French). Archives Canada France<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://bd.archivescanadafrance.org/acf-pleade-3-images/img-viewer/FRDAFANCH/IMAGES/MC/RESERVE/282/viewer.html">http://bd.archivescanadafrance.org/acf-pleade-3-images/img-viewer/FRDAFANCH/IMAGES/MC/RESERVE/282/viewer.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-12-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Images+of+the+Testament+of+Champlain+%286+pages%29&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Archives+Canada+France&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbd.archivescanadafrance.org%2Facf-pleade-3-images%2Fimg-viewer%2FFRDAFANCH%2FIMAGES%2FMC%2FRESERVE%2F282%2Fviewer.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Samuel_de_Champlain"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/documents/2008/08/who_was_champlain_his_family_a.php">Conrad E. Heidenreich: <b>Who was Champlain? His Family and Early Life</b>.</a> (Métis sur mer; August 8, 2008). — As said into a note to this text, "this <b>lecture</b> is based on parts of a book by Conrad E. Heidenreich and K. Janet Ritch soon to by published by The Champlain Society, provisionally entitled: The Works of Samuel de Champlain: Des Sauvages and other Documents Related to the Period before 1604".</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erudit.org/revue/haf/1964/v18/n3/302392ar.pdf">Robert Le Blant: Le triste veuvage d’Hélène Boullé</a> (<i>Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française</i>, 18 (3), 1964, pp 425-437).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ropfo.ca/champlain/epoque/ang_vie_mort.php">Time Periods - Life and Death of Champlain</a><br />
For a detailed report on the research: <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webhome.look.ca/~pdubeau1/maison.html"><i>La chapelle et le tombeau de Champlain&#160;: état de la question</i></a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Penny, Louise. <i>Bury Your Dead</i>. New York: Minotaur. 2010. ISBN #978-0312377045</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohranger.com/acadia/history">History of Acadia National Park</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saintjohn.nbcc.nb.ca/Heritage/HistoricalTour/AdditionalInformation.htm">Saint John Additional Information</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">ed. William J. Gicker (2006). "Samuel de Champlain 39¢ (USA); Samuel de Champlain 51¢ (Canada)" (print). <i>USA Philatelic</i> <b>11</b> (3): 7. "This souvenir sheet celebrates the 400th anniversary of the explorations of Samuel de Champlain in 1606."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Samuel+de+Champlain+39%C2%A2+%28USA%29%3B+Samuel+de+Champlain+51%C2%A2+%28Canada%29&amp;rft.jtitle=USA+Philatelic&amp;rft.aulast=ed.+William+J.+Gicker&amp;rft.au=ed.+William+J.+Gicker&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=7&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Samuel_de_Champlain"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul>
<li>Bishop, Morris. <i>Champlain: the life of fortitude</i> (1948).</li>
<li><span class="citation book">Champlain, Samuel de (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=hLAbmiXoRWEC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Samuel%20de%20Champlain&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true"><i>Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, 1604-1918: with a map and two plans</i></a>. Elibron Classics. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1402128533" title="Special:BookSources/1402128533">1402128533</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=hLAbmiXoRWEC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Samuel%20de%20Champlain&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true">http://books.google.ca/books?id=hLAbmiXoRWEC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Samuel%20de%20Champlain&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Voyages+of+Samuel+de+Champlain%2C+1604-1918%3A+with+a+map+and+two+plans&amp;rft.aulast=Champlain&amp;rft.aufirst=Samuel+de&amp;rft.au=Champlain%2C%26%2332%3BSamuel+de&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pub=Elibron+Classics&amp;rft.isbn=1402128533&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhLAbmiXoRWEC%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3DSamuel%2520de%2520Champlain%26pg%3DPP1%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dtrue&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Samuel_de_Champlain"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Dix, Edwin Asa. (1903). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=0tXy3rBHDEQC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;ots=R-kaQsLFpT&amp;dq='Champlain%2C%20the%20Founder%20of%20New%20France&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true">Champlain, the Founder of New France</a></i>, IndyPublish <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1417922702" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1417922702</a></li>
<li>Fischer, David Hackett, (2008). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=_Igxh-pKXkkC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Champlain's%20Dream&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true">Champlain's Dream</a></i>, Simon and Schuster <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416593324" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9781416593324</a></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Laverdière, Abbé Charles-Honoré Cauchon (1870) (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=N-pYAAAAMAAJ&amp;dq=%C5%92uvres%20de%20Champlain&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true"><i>Œuvres de Champlain</i></a>. Quebec City: Desbarats<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=N-pYAAAAMAAJ&amp;dq=%C5%92uvres%20de%20Champlain&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true">http://books.google.ca/books?id=N-pYAAAAMAAJ&amp;dq=%C5%92uvres%20de%20Champlain&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%C5%92uvres+de+Champlain&amp;rft.aulast=Laverdi%C3%A8re&amp;rft.aufirst=Abb%C3%A9+Charles-Honor%C3%A9+Cauchon&amp;rft.au=Laverdi%C3%A8re%2C%26%2332%3BAbb%C3%A9+Charles-Honor%C3%A9+Cauchon&amp;rft.date=1870&amp;rft.place=Quebec+City&amp;rft.pub=Desbarats&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN-pYAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3D%25C5%2592uvres%2520de%2520Champlain%26pg%3DPP1%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dtrue&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Samuel_de_Champlain"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Morganelli, Adrianna (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=hBULxrkwi0cC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Samuel%20de%20Champlain&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true"><i>Samuel de Champlain: from New France to Cape Cod</i></a>. Crabtree Pub. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780778724148" title="Special:BookSources/9780778724148">9780778724148</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=hBULxrkwi0cC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Samuel%20de%20Champlain&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true">http://books.google.ca/books?id=hBULxrkwi0cC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Samuel%20de%20Champlain&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Samuel+de+Champlain%3A+from+New+France+to+Cape+Cod&amp;rft.aulast=Morganelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Adrianna&amp;rft.au=Morganelli%2C%26%2332%3BAdrianna&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pub=Crabtree+Pub&amp;rft.isbn=9780778724148&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhBULxrkwi0cC%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3DSamuel%2520de%2520Champlain%26pg%3DPP1%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dtrue&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Samuel_de_Champlain"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Morison, Samuel Eliot, (1972). <i>Samuel de Champlain: Father of New France</i> Little Brown, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0316583995" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-316-58399-5</a></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Rainguet, Pierre-Damien (1851) (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=xEEBAAAAQAAJ"><i>Biographie Saintongeaise ou Dictionnaire Historique de Tous les Personnages qui se sont Illustrés dans les Anciennes Provinces de Saintonge et d'Aunis jusqu'à Nos Jours</i></a>. Saintes, France: M. Niox. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/466560584">466560584</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=xEEBAAAAQAAJ">http://books.google.com/books?id=xEEBAAAAQAAJ</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Biographie+Saintongeaise+ou+Dictionnaire+Historique+de+Tous+les+Personnages+qui+se+sont+Illustr%C3%A9s+dans+les+Anciennes+Provinces+de+Saintonge+et+d%27Aunis+jusqu%27%C3%A0+Nos+Jours&amp;rft.aulast=Rainguet&amp;rft.aufirst=Pierre-Damien&amp;rft.au=Rainguet%2C%26%2332%3BPierre-Damien&amp;rft.date=1851&amp;rft.place=Saintes%2C+France&amp;rft.pub=M.+Niox&amp;rft_id=info:oclcnum/466560584&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxEEBAAAAQAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Samuel_de_Champlain"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Sherman, Josepha (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=x_3IbOH2_HgC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Samuel%20de%20Champlain&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true"><i>Samuel de Champlain, Explorer of the Great Lakes Region and Founder of Quebec</i></a>. Group's Rosen Central. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0823936295" title="Special:BookSources/0823936295">0823936295</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=x_3IbOH2_HgC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Samuel%20de%20Champlain&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true">http://books.google.ca/books?id=x_3IbOH2_HgC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Samuel%20de%20Champlain&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Samuel+de+Champlain%2C+Explorer+of+the+Great+Lakes+Region+and+Founder+of+Quebec&amp;rft.aulast=Sherman&amp;rft.aufirst=Josepha&amp;rft.au=Sherman%2C%26%2332%3BJosepha&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.pub=Group%27s+Rosen+Central&amp;rft.isbn=0823936295&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx_3IbOH2_HgC%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3DSamuel%2520de%2520Champlain%26pg%3DPP1%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dtrue&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Samuel_de_Champlain"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation web" id="Trudel">Marcel Trudel, Marcel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&amp;id_nbr=115">"Biography of Samuel de Champlain"</a>. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&amp;id_nbr=115">http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&amp;id_nbr=115</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-05-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Biography+of+Samuel+de+Champlain&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Marcel+Trudel&amp;rft.aufirst=Marcel&amp;rft.au=Marcel+Trudel%2C%26%2332%3BMarcel&amp;rft.pub=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography+Online&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2F009004-119.01-e.php%3F%26id_nbr%3D115&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Samuel_de_Champlain"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> - <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-f.php?&amp;id_nbr=115"><i>Most recent edition: not yet all translated in english</i></a>.</li>
<li>Vaugeois, Denis; Litalien, Raymonde (eds); Roth, Käthe (trans), (2004). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=ZnE0tjj9MbgC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Champlain%20%3A%20the%20birth%20of%20French%20America&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true">Champlain&#160;: the birth of French America</a></i> McGill-Queen's University Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0773528504" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7735-2850-4</a></li>
</ul>
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<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
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<td class="mbox-text" style="">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a class="external text" href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Samuel_de_Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a></b></i></td>
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<td class="mbox-text" style="">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a class="external text" href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Samuel_de_Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a></b></i></td>
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<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Samuel+de+Champlain">Works by Samuel de Champlain</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>
<li>From Marcel Trudel: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&amp;Params=A1ARTA0001505">Champlain, Samuel de</a> (at <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a>)</li>
<li>A complete map of the exploration routes of Samuel de Champlain: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kristinsawyer.com/2011/01/champlain-travels/">Map of Samuel de Champlain voyages</a></li>
<li>From Champlain College (Vermont): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://champlainquadricentennial.com/champlain/history">Biography</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histori.ca/champlain/index.do">Champlain in Acadia</a> (A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histori.ca">Historica</a> project from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.7thfloormedia.com">7th Floor Media</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/explore/virtual-museum-of-new-france/the-explorers/samuel-de-champlain">Biography at the <i>Museum of Civilization</i></a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilisations.ca/hist/biography/biographi201e.html">The Canadian Museum of Civilization - Face-to-Face - The Canadian Personalities Hall</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samueldechamplain.com">Samuel de Champlain Biography by Appleton and Klos</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mychatham.com/chathamhistory.html">Description of Champlain's voyage to Chatham, Cape Cod in 1605 and 1606.</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadachannel.ca/champlain/index.php/Welcome_to_the_Samuel_de_Champlain_Portal">The Samuel de Champlain Portal</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/02/books/review/Boot-t.html">They Didn't Name That Lake for Nothing, Sunday Book Review, The New York Times, Oct. 31, 2008</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.champlaininamerica.org">Dead Reckoning - Champlain in America, PBS documentary 2009</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a> presentation of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.wdl/wdl.280"><i>Descripsion des costs, pts., rades, illes de la Nouuele France faict selon son vray méridien</i>or <i>Description of the Coasts, Points, Harbours and Islands of New France</i>.</a> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Primary source portolan style chart on vellum with summary description, image with enhanced view and zoom features, text to speech capability. French. Links to related content. Content available as TIF. One of the major cartographic resources, this map offers the first thorough delineation of the New England and Canadian coasts from Cape Sable to Cape Cod.</li>
<li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webhome.look.ca/~pdubeau1/maison.html">Champlain's tomb: State of the Art Inquiry</a></li>
<li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(French)</span> From Samuel de Champlain: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/chpvyg/index.html"><i>Les Voyages de la Nouvelle France...</i> (1632)</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Rare_Book_Room" title="Rare Book Room">Rare Book Room</a>)</li>
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<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a></span></td>
<td width="40%" style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_of_New_France" title="Lieutenant General of New France">Lieutenant General of New France</a></b><br />
1632–1635</td>
<td width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1">Succeeded&#160;by<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Montmagny" title="Charles de Montmagny">Charles de Montmagny</a> as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_France" title="Governor of New France">Governor of New France</a></span></td>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/La_Cit%C3%A9%E2%80%93Limoilou" title="La Cité–Limoilou">La Cité–Limoilou</a>&#160;•  <a href="/wiki/Les_Rivi%C3%A8res,_Quebec_City" title="Les Rivières, Quebec City">Les Rivières</a>&#160;•  <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Foy%E2%80%93Sillery%E2%80%93Cap-Rouge" title="Sainte-Foy–Sillery–Cap-Rouge">Sainte-Foy–Sillery–Cap-Rouge</a>&#160;•  <a href="/wiki/Charlesbourg,_Quebec_City" title="Charlesbourg, Quebec City">Charlesbourg</a>&#160;•  <a href="/wiki/Beauport,_Quebec_City" title="Beauport, Quebec City">Beauport</a>&#160;•  <a href="/wiki/La_Haute-Saint-Charles,_Quebec_City" title="La Haute-Saint-Charles, Quebec City">La Haute-Saint-Charles</a>&#160;•  <i><a href="/wiki/Laurentien,_Quebec_City" title="Laurentien, Quebec City">Laurentien</a> (defunct)</i></div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec</a>&#160;•  <a href="/wiki/L%27Ancienne-Lorette,_Quebec" title="L'Ancienne-Lorette, Quebec">L'Ancienne-Lorette</a>&#160;•  <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame-des-Anges,_Quebec" title="Notre-Dame-des-Anges, Quebec">Notre-Dame-des-Anges</a> <sup>1</sup>&#160;•  <a href="/wiki/Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures,_Quebec" title="Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures, Quebec">Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures</a>&#160;•  <a href="/wiki/Wendake,_Quebec" title="Wendake, Quebec">Wendake</a> <sup>1</sup></div>
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<div><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Category:Quebec_City" title="Category:Quebec City">List of articles about Quebec City</a>&#160;•  <a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">History of Quebec City</a>&#160;•  <a href="/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_m%C3%A9tropolitaine_de_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Communauté métropolitaine de Québec">Quebec Metropolitan Community</a>&#160;•  <a href="/wiki/Municipal_reorganization_in_Quebec" title="Municipal reorganization in Quebec">Municipal reorganization in Quebec</a><br />
1) Within agglomeration boundaries but administratively not part of it</div>
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<li><strong class="selflink">Samuel de Champlain</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Halifax" title="City of Halifax">Halifax</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations" title="First Nations">First Nations</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/John_A._MacDonald" title="John A. MacDonald" class="mw-redirect">John A. MacDonald</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Steele" title="Samuel Steele" class="mw-redirect">Samuel Steele</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)" title="Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)">Pilgrims</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mayflower" title="Mayflower">Mayflower</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Rock" title="Plymouth Rock">Plymouth Rock</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Samoset" title="Samoset">Samoset</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Squanto" title="Squanto">Squanto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_people" title="Wampanoag people">Wampanoag</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Proclamation" title="National Thanksgiving Proclamation">National Thanksgiving Proclamation</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Franksgiving" title="Franksgiving">Franksgiving</a>"</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Turkey_Presentation" title="National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation">National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";width:9em;background:cornsilk;;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Thanksgiving_food" title="Category:Thanksgiving food">Cuisine</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_dinner" title="Thanksgiving dinner">Thanksgiving dinner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_turkey#Turkeys_as_food" title="Domesticated turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mashed_potato" title="Mashed potato">Mashed potatoes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Green_bean_casserole" title="Green bean casserole">Green bean casserole</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato_pie" title="Sweet potato pie">Sweet potato pie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">Cranberry sauce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">Pumpkin pie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carrots" title="Carrots" class="mw-redirect">Carrots</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Potatoes" title="Potatoes" class="mw-redirect">Potatoes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Corn</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";width:9em;background:cornsilk;;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Thanksgiving_songs" title="Category:Thanksgiving songs">Songs</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Restaurant" title="Alice's Restaurant">Alice's Restaurant</a>"</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Come,_ye_thankful_people,_come" title="Come, ye thankful people, come">"Come, Ye Thankful People, Come"</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/For_the_Beauty_of_the_Earth" title="For the Beauty of the Earth">For the Beauty of the Earth</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Jingle_Bells" title="Jingle Bells">Jingle Bells</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Over_the_River_and_through_the_Woods" title="Over the River and through the Woods">Over the River and through the Woods</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Thanksgiving_Song" title="The Thanksgiving Song">The Thanksgiving Song</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/We_Gather_Together" title="We Gather Together">We Gather Together</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/We_Plough_the_Fields_and_Scatter" title="We Plough the Fields and Scatter">We Plough the Fields and Scatter</a>"</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";background:navajowhite; text-align:center;;">Associated<br />
events</th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;;;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";width:9em;background:cornsilk;;">Cultural</th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas and holiday season</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvest_festivals" title="List of harvest festivals">Harvest festivals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_around_Thanksgiving" title="List of films set around Thanksgiving">Thanksgiving in film</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thanksgiving_television_specials" title="List of Thanksgiving television specials">Thanksgiving television specials</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_winter_festivals" title="List of winter festivals">Winter festivals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macy%27s_Great_Tree" title="Macy's Great Tree">Lighting of the Macy's Great Tree</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Largest_Disco" title="World's Largest Disco">World's Largest Disco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday (shopping)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";width:9em;background:cornsilk;;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_parades" title="List of holiday parades">Parades</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
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<li><a href="/wiki/Carolinas%27_Carrousel_Parade" title="Carolinas' Carrousel Parade">Belk Carolinas <small>(Charlotte)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_Thanksgiving_Parade" title="McDonald's Thanksgiving Parade">McDonald's <small>(Chicago)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Thanksgiving_Parade" title="America's Thanksgiving Parade">America's <small>(Detroit)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kitchener-Waterloo_Oktoberfest" title="Kitchener-Waterloo Oktoberfest">K-W Oktoberfest <small>(Kitchener-Waterloo)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Christmas_Parade" title="Hollywood Christmas Parade">Hollywood Christmas <small>(Los Angeles)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macy%27s_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade" title="Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade">Macy's <small>(New York City)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/6abc_Dunkin%27_Donuts_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade" title="6abc Dunkin' Donuts Thanksgiving Day Parade">6abc-Dunkin' Donuts <small>(Philadelphia)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/My_Macy%27s_Holiday_Parade" title="My Macy's Holiday Parade">My Macy's Holiday <small>(Pittsburgh)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Hometown_Thanksgiving_Parade" title="America's Hometown Thanksgiving Parade">America's Hometown <small>(Plymouth)</small></a></li>
</ul>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
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<li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Mourning_(United_States_protest)" title="National Day of Mourning (United States protest)">National Day of Mourning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unthanksgiving_Day" title="Unthanksgiving Day">Unthanksgiving Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buy_Nothing_Day" title="Buy Nothing Day">Buy Nothing Day</a></li>
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<td></td>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";width:9em;background:cornsilk;;"><a href="/wiki/American_football_on_Thanksgiving" title="American football on Thanksgiving">Football</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
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<li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_Classic" title="Thanksgiving Classic">NFL Thanksgiving Classic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_Day_Classic" title="Thanksgiving Day Classic">CFL Thanksgiving Classic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/State_Farm_Lone_Star_Showdown" title="State Farm Lone Star Showdown">State Farm Lone Star Showdown</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Day_Classic" title="Turkey Day Classic">Turkey Day Classic</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
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<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";width:9em;background:cornsilk;;">Basketball</th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
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<li><a href="/wiki/76_Classic" title="76 Classic">76 Classic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_4_Atlantis" title="Battle 4 Atlantis">Battle 4 Atlantis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maui_Invitational_Tournament" title="Maui Invitational Tournament">Maui Invitational Tournament</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Spice_Classic" title="Old Spice Classic">Old Spice Classic</a></li>
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<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";width:9em;background:cornsilk;;"><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Trot" title="Turkey Trot">Turkey Trots</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
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<li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Marathon" title="Atlanta Marathon">Atlanta Marathon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Berwick_Run_for_the_Diamonds" title="Berwick Run for the Diamonds">Berwick Run for the Diamonds</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Turkey_Trot" title="Buffalo Turkey Trot">Buffalo Turkey Trot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Turkey_Trot" title="Dallas Turkey Trot">Dallas Turkey Trot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feaster_Five_Road_Race" title="Feaster Five Road Race">Feaster Five Road Race</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Road_Race" title="Manchester Road Race">Manchester Road Race</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";width:9em;background:cornsilk;;">Others</th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
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<li><a href="/wiki/National_Dog_Show" title="National Dog Show">National Dog Show</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_chunking" title="Pumpkin chunking">Pumpkin chunking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_bowling" title="Turkey bowling">Turkey bowling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Night_Grand_Prix" title="Turkey Night Grand Prix">Turkey Night Grand Prix</a></li>
</ul>
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</tr>
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</table>
</td>
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<table id="persondata" class="persondata" style="border:1px solid #aaa; display:none; speak:none;">
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</tr>
<tr>
<td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Name</td>
<td>Champlain, Samuel De</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Alternative names</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Short description</td>
<td>Navigator, cartographer, draughtsman, soldier, explorer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of birth</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of birth</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Hiers-Brouage" title="Hiers-Brouage">Brouage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saintonge" title="Saintonge">Province of Saintonge</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of death</td>
<td>December 25, 1635</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of death</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada,_New_France" title="Canada, New France" class="mw-redirect">Canada, New France</a></td>
</tr>
</table>


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